---

license: other

license_name: upstage-solar-license

license_link: LICENSE

base_model: upstage/Solar-Open2-250B

base_model_relation: quantized

pipeline_tag: text-generation

language:

- en

- ko

- ja

tags:

- gguf

- llama.cpp

- solar

- moe

- quantized

- imatrix

---

Solar-Open2-250B-GGUF

GGUF quantizations of upstage/Solar-Open2-250B — Upstage's 250B-A15B hybrid linear-attention MoE — for local inference with llama.cpp. Built and tested on a workstation with 128 GB DDR5 system RAM and an RTX 6000 Pro 96 GB Blackwell GPU.

> ## ⚠️ These files do NOT run on mainline llama.cpp (yet)

>

> Solar Open 2 uses a new architecture (solar_open2) that is not in upstream llama.cpp. Loading these GGUFs with a stock build fails with unknown model architecture: 'solar-open2'.

>

> You must build the small patch included here (solar_open2-llama.cpp.patch, ~775 lines across 10 files). See Building llama.cpp below. If/when the architecture is merged upstream, this requirement goes away.

Built with Solar.

This is an independent, third-party quantization. It is not affiliated with or endorsed by Upstage. All model weights are © Upstage under the Upstage Solar License.

---

What is Solar Open 2?

A 250B-parameter Mixture-of-Experts that activates ~15B parameters per token. Its stack interleaves one softmax-attention (GQA) layer with three linear-attention (KDA) layers in every block of four (S-L-L-L × 12 = 48 layers), with no positional encoding (NoPE). The linear layers carry sequence context in a fixed-size recurrent state, so the KV cache stays constant in length and only the 12 softmax layers cache anything — making very long context cheap. Trained on English, Korean, and Japanese, aimed at agentic / office / coding use. See the technical report for details.

The architecture's linear-attention core is KDA (Kimi Delta Attention) with a negative-eigenvalue extension (β = 2σ(·) ∈ (0,2)), the same delta-net family already supported in llama.cpp for Kimi-Linear; this port reuses that kernel and adds the GQA-with-sigmoid-gate softmax path, NoPE, and the S-L-L-L layout.

---

Available quantizations

| File | Bits | Size | PPL (wikitext-2)¹ | vs Q6_K |

|---|---|---|---|---|

| Q6_K/ | 6.57 | 191 GiB | 4.123 | — |

| IQ4_XS/ ⭐ | 4.35 | 127 GiB | 4.159 | +0.9 % |

| Q2_K/ | 3.05 | 89 GiB | 4.774 | +15.8 % |

| IQ1_M/ ⚠️ | 1.93 | 56 GiB | 7.717 | +87.2 % |

¹ Perplexity over a fixed 40-chunk slice of wiki.test.raw at n_ctx=512. Lower is better; all four were measured identically so the deltas are directly comparable. Q6_K is the near-lossless baseline the deltas are computed against.

> On comparing perplexity across repos: these numbers are only meaningful against an identical slice. Our own Q2_K measures 4.774 over 40 chunks but 5.486 over 80 chunks — same file, same settings, different chunk count. If you are comparing our numbers to another quantizer's, check that the chunk count matches first.

Which to pick:

• IQ4_XS — recommended. Near-Q6_K quality (+0.88 % PPL is within measurement noise) at two-thirds the size. This is the quality/size sweet spot.
• Q2_K — speed / single-card. Fits entirely on one 96 GB GPU and runs ~2.5× faster, but +15.8 % PPL is a real, perceptible quality drop (the sub-4-bit cliff on this fine-grained 320-expert MoE). Good for drafts, high-throughput, or demos; not a replacement for IQ4_XS as a daily driver.
• Q6_K — near-lossless reference. For evaluation or as an imatrix source.
• IQ1_M — smaller-VRAM only. Read the warning below before choosing this version.

⚠️ About IQ1_M

Perplexity is 87 % worse than Q6_K That is a severe, honest number and we are putting it up front rather than in a footnote. It was built by request, for people who cannot fit the 89 GiB Q2_K.

IQ1_M gains are mostly for memory footprint, not speed. Measured on one RTX PRO 6000 (96 GB), both fully GPU-resident: IQ1_M decodes at 95.5 tok/s using 58 GiB VRAM, Q2_K at 94.9 tok/s using ~89 GiB. Identical speed. If you can fit Q2_K, use Q2_K — IQ1_M is intended for 64 GB-class hardware (64 GB Apple Silicon, 2×32 GB, 80 GB A100).

That said, it degrades more gracefully than the perplexity implies. At temperature 0 it answered factual chains, arithmetic (47 × 23 = 1081, self-verified), a correct Rayleigh-scattering explanation, a correct recursive fib, and fluent Korean translation — and it scored 15/15 exact on needle-in-a-haystack at 2K/4K/8K/16K/28K × 10 %/50 %/90 % depth. Our reading is that the 320-expert MoE has enough routing redundancy, and keeping attention and embeddings at Q6_K preserves enough of the retrieval machinery, that the damage shows up as degraded fluency and reliability rather than outright breakage. Expect more repetition, weaker long-form coherence, and more frequent factual slips than any other rung here.

All four protect what matters most: attention and embeddings are kept at Q6_K (only ~3 % of parameters, so the cost is negligible), and blk.0's experts — which the calibration set activates least — are boosted (Q5_K in IQ4_XS, Q4_K in Q2_K, IQ2_XXS in IQ1_M) to avoid quantizing rarely-seen weights against a weak importance signal. Quantization used the included importance matrix (Solar-Open2-250B.imatrix), computed over an English + Korean + Japanese + code calibration mix so language- and domain-specialized experts are represented.

> Blackwell / sm_120 note. The iq1_s, iq2_s, and iq3_s CUDA matmul kernels produce wrong results on compute capability 12.0 (verified with test-backend-ops on both an RTX PRO 6000 and a 5070 Ti). That is an upstream llama.cpp issue, not specific to this model — but it means any low-bit quant built around those types (e.g. IQ2_M, which uses iq2_s) is unusable on 50-series and RTX PRO Blackwell cards. The types used here — iq1_m, iq2_xxs, iq4_xs, iq4_nl, and all K-quants — all pass.

---

Building llama.cpp

The patch applies on top of upstream commit 846e991ec (any nearby master should work with minor fuzz).

git clone https://github.com/ggml-org/llama.cpp
cd llama.cpp
git checkout 846e991ec
git apply /path/to/solar_open2-llama.cpp.patch     # adds the solar_open2 arch + tool parser

cmake -B build -DGGML_CUDA=ON -DCMAKE_CUDA_ARCHITECTURES=120   # 120 = Blackwell; set to your GPU
cmake --build build --target llama-server -j

The patch touches: gguf-py + src/llama-arch.* (arch registration), conversion/solar_open2.py + convert_hf_to_gguf.py wiring (HF→GGUF conversion), src/models/solar-open2.cpp (the graph), common/chat.cpp (tool-call + reasoning parser), and src/llama-vocab.cpp (registers <|im:end|> as an end-of-generation token).

> Note: if you built from an earlier version of this patch and saw <|im:end|> at the end of replies, rebuild with the current patch — the fix is here, and your existing GGUF downloads work as-is (no re-download needed).

---

Running

Download all shards of a quant into one directory, then point --model at the first shard (…-00001-of-000NN.gguf); llama.cpp loads the rest automatically.

./build/bin/llama-server \
  --model IQ4_XS/Solar-Open2-250B-IQ4_XS-00001-of-00004.gguf \
  --host 0.0.0.0 --port 8080 \
  --device CUDA0 -ngl 999 -ncmoe 15 \
  --no-mmap \
  --ctx-size 32768 -fa on -b 512 -ub 512 -np 1 --threads 12 \
  --jinja

Flags that are load-bearing, not decoration:

• --no-mmap is required for CPU-offloaded setups. With mmap, the CPU-resident experts are demand-faulted from disk in 4 KB pages and throughput collapses (~1.9 tok/s in our tests); --no-mmap loads them into RAM up front (~18 tok/s at IQ4_XS with offload). Not needed if the whole model is on the GPU.
• -ub 512 (or 4096), never 2048. This port has a bug at -ub 2048 specifically: a full 2048-token micro-batch followed by a small tail triggers a CUDA illegal-memory-access on this architecture's shape. -ub 512 and -ub 4096 are both fine. (Reported below under Known issues.)
• -ncmoe N and --device CUDA0. -ncmoe keeps the experts of the first N layers on CPU. Use a single GPU device with it — llama.cpp assigns later (expert-heavy) layers to additional devices, which will OOM a smaller second GPU. Drop -ncmoe entirely if the model fits on one GPU (e.g. Q2_K on a 96 GB card).

Rough hardware sizing (per quant, for -ncmoe tuning): weights split between VRAM and system RAM. IQ4_XS ≈ 127 GiB total (e.g. ~92 GiB VRAM + ~35 GiB RAM at -ncmoe 15); Q2_K ≈ 89 GiB fits on a single 96 GB card with no offload; IQ1_M ≈ 56 GiB fits a 64 GB card or 64 GB of unified memory with no offload. The KV cache is tiny — only 12 of 48 layers cache, ~48 KiB/token — so long context costs little VRAM (256K ≈ 12 GiB, 1M ≈ 48 GiB f16).

Budgeting VRAM at very long context. The KV cache is not the only term that grows. At -ub 4096 and a 1M context the CUDA compute buffer alone is ~12.9 GiB (it scales with -ub, and is only ~2 GiB at 128K). A working budget from our own tuning, per GPU: non-expert weights + (2.55 GiB × resident expert layers) + KV + compute buffer + ~2.7 GiB overhead. Size the compute buffer before you size the offload, or you will OOM after the weights have already loaded.

Measured performance

On a single RTX PRO 6000 Blackwell (96 GB) + Ryzen 9950X3D, DDR5:

| Quant | Offload | Decode | Prefill | Needle retrieval |

|---|---|---|---|---|

| IQ4_XS | -ncmoe 15 | 37.6 tok/s | 31.8 tok/s | exact to 16K (tested) |

| Q2_K | all-GPU | 94.9 tok/s | 63.5 tok/s | exact to 4K (tested) |

| IQ1_M | all-GPU (58 GiB) | 95.5 tok/s | — | 15/15 exact to 28K |

---

Reasoning

Solar Open 2 is a reasoning model, and reasoning is ON by default — the template's first line is set reasoning_effort = reasoning_effort if reasoning_effort is defined else "high", so omitting the setting gives you full-depth thinking. To control it, pass reasoning_effort in chat_template_kwargs:

{
  "model": "solar",
  "messages": [ ... ],
  "chat_template_kwargs": { "reasoning_effort": "high" }
}

Values that turn reasoning on: medium, high, xhigh. Any other value (e.g. "none") turns it off — but omitting the key entirely falls back to the template's own default of "high", i.e. on.

> Agent/client note. Because the default is on, clients that can't set chat_template_kwargs get full-depth reasoning on every call — including cheap auxiliary ones like session-title generation. Measured here: a title request reasoned for 3,743 tokens (~105 s) to produce a four-word title, versus 5 tokens with reasoning_effort: "none". If your client has short timeouts on such helper calls, either raise them or bound thinking server-side with --reasoning-budget N (note that this caps main-task reasoning too).

Tool calling

Supported via the standard OpenAI tools / tool_calls API. The included parser handles Solar's custom marker format (<|tool_call:start|>name … <|tool_arg:start|>key<|tool_arg:value|>value<|tool_arg:end|> … <|tool_call:end|>), including multiple/parallel calls and typed arguments. Start the server with --jinja (shown above) and send tools as usual.

---

Provenance & reproducibility

• Base weights: upstage/Solar-Open2-250B (BF16), converted to a BF16 GGUF, then quantized.
• Importance matrix: computed from the Q6_K over an English (calibration_datav3) + Korean/Japanese Wikipedia + source-code mix, so that language- and domain-specialized experts are exercised. Included as Solar-Open2-250B.imatrix (GGUF format) if you want to make your own quants.
• Per-tensor recipe (both builds): experts at the headline type; blk.0 experts boosted one K-quant rung (weakest calibration coverage); all attn_* and token/output embeddings at Q6_K.
• Every build was validated for coherence, needle-in-haystack retrieval at depth, and perplexity before release. IQ4_XS's numeric correctness was additionally checked against an independent NumPy reference forward pass of the architecture.

Known issues

• -ub 2048 crashes (CUDA illegal memory access) on this architecture's shape when a full 2048-token micro-batch is followed by a small tail. Use -ub 512 or -ub 4096. Under investigation; the weights/conversion are not implicated (a runtime flag fully avoids it).
• This is a community port, not upstream-reviewed. The architecture, quant recipe, reasoning behavior, and tool parser are validated empirically, but edge cases may remain. Issues/feedback welcome.

Attribution & license

Model weights are © Upstage, released under the Upstage Solar License (see LICENSE). Per that license, this derivative is named with the "Solar" prefix, displays "Built with Solar," and ships a copy of the license. The quantization tooling and the llama.cpp patch are provided under llama.cpp's MIT license.

If you use this, please cite the Solar Open 2 technical report and link back to the original model.